Edexcel GCSE Computer Science (1CP2) Exam Questions

Award one mark for any of the following up to a maximum of two marks:

• Read/view (1)
• Write/edit/modify (1)
• Execute/run (1)
• Delete (1)

Allow 'read only' for read.

Treat write/edit/modify as one right only.

Do not accept 'open' or 'access' on its own.

Do not accept usernames/passwords (these are authentication, not file access rights).

Award up to two marks for a linked description such as:

• A storage limit/quota is set for each user account (1) so the drive is shared fairly between users (1)
• The operating system records how much space each user's files are using (1) and refuses to save more files when the limit is reached (1)
• Each user is given a fixed share/quota of the drive (1) so one user cannot use the space set aside for another (1)

Allow a limit set by an administrator or through the operating system's user management settings; an administrator is not required for credit.

Allow a warning that stops the save; do not award the development for a warning alone where the save is not stopped.

Do not accept responses about passwords/authentication, keeping files separate/folders with no storage limit, deleting old files, compressing files, or buying a larger drive.

Do not accept 'the operating system gives the user a bigger hard drive'.

Do not accept a single global limit for all users; the limit must apply to each user/user account.

Award up to two marks for a linked explanation such as:

• It allows the operating system/OS to communicate with the device/printer (1) because it translates the commands into signals the device understands (1)
• It contains/sends the instructions/commands needed by a particular device (1) so the device carries out the correct actions (1)
• It controls the device/printer (1) by sending commands/signals to it (1)
• Different devices need different commands (1) so each one needs its own driver to work with the operating system (1)

For both marks, the expansion must follow/associate with the statement.

Do not accept 'it drives/controls the device' on its own without saying how, e.g. by sending commands/signals.

Do not accept hardware/a physical device (a device driver is software).

Do not accept 'it connects the printer to the computer' or 'it installs the printer' without saying that it provides the instructions/commands for the device.

Award up to two marks for a linked explanation such as:

• A process is created for the program (1) so that its instructions can be loaded into RAM (1)
• The process is put into the ready state (1) so that it can wait for the CPU to become available (1)
• The operating system adds the process to a queue of ready processes (1) so the scheduler can choose it when the CPU is free (1)
• The operating system allocates the resources the process needs (1) so that it can start running when it is given CPU time (1)

For both marks, the expansion must follow/associate with the statement.

Allow 'main memory' for RAM.

Do not accept 'the browser is downloaded/loaded from the internet'.

Do not accept 'the program is run immediately on the CPU' without the ready step.

Indicative content

How files become fragmented

• A file is saved into free blocks on the disk, so as files are deleted and new ones saved, one file can end up split across blocks in different places.
• Large files are more likely to become fragmented because they may not fit into one free space.
• The more the disks are used, the more fragmented they become, so the read/write head has to move to more locations to read all the parts of a file.
• Fragmentation is the reason that files on the college's computers take a long time to open.

What defragmentation software does

• It reorganises the blocks of each file so that they are stored together (contiguously) on the disk.
• It collects the free space into one block so that new files are written in one piece and are less likely to be fragmented.
• It is a housekeeping utility that is often supplied with the operating system, and it reorganises data that is already on the disk.
• It does not change the contents of any file, it only changes where the blocks of the file are stored.

Benefits of running it

• Files and programs open faster because the read/write head makes fewer movements, so the older computers feel quicker without the college buying new hardware.
• Free space in one block means new files are written in one piece, so the improvement lasts for a while.
• Running it may mean the college can keep using the older computers for longer instead of replacing them.

Drawbacks of running it

• It can take a long time to run, so it should be scheduled for when the room is not in use, such as overnight or at weekends.
• It causes a lot of disk activity, so running it too often puts unnecessary strain on the disks.
• It does not free up any space, as no files are deleted, so the disks will still be almost full.
• It only reorganises files that are intact, so it cannot recover a corrupted file, and a backup is still needed.

Levels

• Level 0 (0 marks): No rewardable content.
• Level 1 (1–2 marks): Basic, independent points are made, showing elements of understanding of key concepts/principles of computer science. (AO1) The discussion will contain basic information with little linkage between points made or application to the context. (AO2)
• Level 2 (3–4 marks): Demonstrates adequate understanding of key concepts/principles of computer science. (AO1) The discussion shows some linkages and lines of reasoning with some structure and application to the context. (AO2)
• Level 3 (5–6 marks): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding of key concepts/principles of computer science to support the discussion being presented. (AO1) The discussion is well developed, with sustained lines of reasoning that are coherent and logically structured, and which clearly apply to the context. (AO2)

Level 3 responses must cover both how files become fragmented and what defragmentation software does, with at least one benefit or drawback applied to the college's computers. An answer that only states what the software does and one benefit, with no explanation of how files became fragmented and no drawback, is Level 1 (2 marks).

Do not accept: defragmentation software compresses files, frees up storage space, deletes unused files, repairs corrupted files, or speeds up the processor or internet connection.