Which feature distinguishes secondary storage from primary storage?
Non-volatile long-term data storage
Which is a typical characteristic of solid state storage?
Fast read and write speeds
Which storage device uses lasers to write binary data?
Optical discs like CDs and DVDs
If you need to store many terabytes cheaply, which is best?
Magnetic hard disk drives
Why might magnetic tape be unsuitable for frequent random access?
Very slow access due to moving parts
Which device is most vulnerable to having data wiped by strong magnets?
Magnetic hard disk drives
Which statement about SSDs is true?
Faster than HDDs for most tasks
Why are optical discs considered less durable?
Prone to scratches and physical damage
How does an optical disc store and allow a laser to read binary data?
Pits and lands read back by laser
How does a magnetic hard disk write and read data?
Magnetic head changes surface magnetisation
How does flash memory store data and why do cells wear out?
Electrons trapped in floating gate structures
Why can an SSD access files faster than an HDD?
No moving parts so faster access
Why is magnetic tape typically slower than a hard disk?
Sequential access requires winding tape past head
How do scratches or damage affect optical disc reliability?
Scratches block laser reading of pits
How do moving parts in HDDs affect durability and what happens if dropped while spinning?
Moving parts lead to head crash on shock
Emma is designing a drone that must record high-resolution video and endure shocks during flight. Which storage is most appropriate?
Solid state flash storage
Carlos needs inexpensive, very high-capacity storage to archive company backups that will rarely be accessed. Which storage is most appropriate?
Magnetic tape archive storage
A photographer needs removable storage for high-speed continuous shooting and fast file transfer to a laptop. Which storage is most appropriate?
Solid state SD Card
A small home server needs lots of cheap storage for media files where speed is less critical. Which storage is most appropriate?
Hard disk drive storage
A museum wants to distribute a small, read-only multimedia exhibit on a durable physical disc for visitors to play. Which storage is most appropriate?
Optical disc storage media
Priya is designing a portable field recorder used in rough conditions with frequent drops and vibrations. Which single characteristic is most important when selecting storage?
Durability and shock resistance
A streaming service requires fast random access to deliver video with minimal buffering. Which single characteristic matters most?
High read write speed
A journalist must carry many gigabytes of footage between locations without bulky hardware. Which single characteristic is most important?
Portability and compact size
What is the main goal of file compression?
Reducing file size
What primary benefit does compression provide for networks?
Reduce transmission time and bandwidth
Why is compression essential for streaming media?
Allow download faster than playback
If a 1-minute audio file is compressed from 10 MB to 1 MB, how does download time change at 8 Mbps?
About one second to download
Why is uncompressed 4K video impractical for many uses?
Requires terabytes of storage and bandwidth
What does a 4:1 compression ratio indicate?
Uncompressed size four times compressed size
Which are the two main compression categories?
Lossy and lossless compression methods
Why must text files be compressed losslessly?
Because original text must be perfectly preserved
Which file types can use either lossy or lossless compression?
Images, audio, and video files
What best describes lossy compression?
Permanently removes data for smaller size
Which compression type is required for plain text files to preserve exact data?
Lossless compression to preserve exact data
Which two techniques do lossy codecs commonly use to discard data while preserving perceived quality?
Remove inaudible frequencies and simplify details
Which statement describes files that require lossless compression to avoid harmful changes?
Source code and legal documents need lossless
Which best describes compression ratio and quality trade-offs between lossy and lossless formats?
Lossy gives higher ratios but lower fidelity
Which consequence follows from lossy compression permanently removing data?
Removed data cannot be recovered later
What is a character in the context of computing?
An individual letter, number, or symbol
How many characters can standard ASCII represent?
128 characters
True or False: ASCII uses 8 bits to represent each character.
FALSE
What is the primary purpose of a character set in computing?
To convert unique binary numbers into characters we use
Why was ASCII needed originally?
To standardise the representation of text on computers
What limitation did ASCII face with global computer use?
It could only represent characters within the English language
How did ASCII Extended improve upon the original ASCII?
By using 8 bits, allowing for 256 characters, including additional Latin characters
What is a key feature of Unicode compared to ASCII?
Unicode can represent around 65,000 characters
True or False: The first 128 characters in Unicode match those in ASCII.
TRUE
Which of the following are benefits of using Unicode?
Almost all devices can decode text using Unicode It contains a large number of the world's symbols
How does the ASCII character set order its characters?
In a logical order, where similar characters are grouped together (e.g., A followed by B)
Why is backward compatibility important in character sets like Unicode?
To ensure older texts and systems using ASCII can still be understood and used
What is a major advantage of using 16 bits in Unicode compared to 7 bits in ASCII?
It allows for a much larger number of characters to be represented
How do character sets contribute to the functionality of the web and email?
It provided a standard way of representing text across different computers
What was a key reason for the transition from ASCII to Unicode in computing?
The need for a character set that could accommodate a wider variety of languages and symbols
True or False: The ASCII character set includes control characters.
TRUE
Given that ASCII characters are sequential and 'J' is 74 in decimal, what decimal number represents 'I'?
73
If 'A' in ASCII is 65 in decimal, what is 'E' in decimal?
69
What are bitmap images primarily made up of?
Tiny dots called pixels
What is the main difference between bitmap and vector images?
Bitmap images are made of pixels, while vector images are made of lines and shapes drawn using mathematical equations
True or False: The file size of a bitmap image depends on its width, height, and colour depth.
TRUE
What does 'colour depth' in an image refer to?
The number of bits used to represent the colour of each pixel
How many colours can be represented in a 1-bit image?
2 colours
What is the resolution of an image?
The total number of pixels within a given area
How would you calculate the file size of a bitmap image in bits?
Width(px) x Height(px) x Colour Depth(bit)
Why is metadata important in images?
It provides additional data that helps describe the image
What impact does increasing the colour depth have on an image's file size?
It increases the file size It increases the number of colours which can be used in the image
True or False: The higher the resolution of an image, the higher its file size.
TRUE
What unit is commonly used to measure image resolution?
Pixels per inch (ppi)
How does colour depth affect the quality of an image?
Higher colour depth allows for more colours and can improve image quality
True or False: Digital photos are an exact representation of the real world.
FALSE
How many colours can a 2-bit image represent?
4 colours
What is the significance of a bitmap image's width and height in pixels?
They determine the dimensions and detail level of the image
In what way is resolution related to print quality?
Higher resolution usually means better print quality
What would be the file size in bits of a 10px by 10px image with a colour depth of 1 bit?
100 bits
What would be the file size in bits of a 20px by 15px image with a colour depth of 2 bits?
600 bits
What would be the file size in bits of an 8px by 8px image with a colour depth of 8 bits?
512 bits
What type of information does metadata in an image file typically include?
Date and time the image was taken Camera settings Location (GPS coordinates)
What is amplitude in the context of sound waves?
The volume or loudness of the audio
What does 'bit depth' refer to in digital audio?
The number of bits stored for each sample
True or False: A higher sample rate means that the digital audio will be a more accurate representation of the analog sound wave.
TRUE
How does bit depth affect the quality of digital audio?
More bits per sample means higher quality audio
What is the sample rate measured in?
Hertz (Hz)
True or False: Digital audio can exactly replicate analog sound waves.
FALSE
Why do we sample analog sound waves when converting them to digital audio?
computers cannot store the infinite resolution of analog audio
What does increasing the bit depth do to the file size of an audio file?
It increases the file size
How do you calculate the file size of an uncompressed audio file in bits?
Sample Rate (KHz) x Bit Depth (bits) x Duration (seconds)
To convert the file size of an audio file from bits to bytes, what operation do you perform?
Divide the file size in bits by 8
What term describes the number of times an analog wave is sampled per second in digital audio?
Sample rate
What is the term for the perceived loudness or intensity of a sound wave?
Amplitude
How many unique amplitudes can a 4-bit audio sample represent?
16
True or False: A sample rate of 8 KHz means 8000 samples are taken per second.
TRUE
Why might a digital audio file be a larger file size than another if they are the same duration?
It could have a higher bit depth It could have a higher sample rate
How would a sample rate of 48 KHz compare to one of 44.1 KHz in terms of audio file size?
The 48 KHz file would be larger
True or False: The amplitude of a digital audio signal can be represented by a scale of 0 to 15 with a bit depth of 4.
TRUE
What number system do computers primarily use?
Binary
How many base numbers does the binary number system use?
2
What is the base number of the hexadecimal system?
16
What does each digit in a hexadecimal number represent?
4 bits of a binary number
What are the digits used in the hexadecimal system?
0-9 and A-F
In binary, how is the value affected by each place the digits move to the left?
Doubles
What happens to the binary value when it is shifted to the right?
Halves
What is the first step in converting a binary number to denary?
Identify the value of each binary digit
What does each digit in a binary number represent?
A power of 2
In binary to denary conversion, what happens when you move from right to left across the binary number?
The value of each digit doubles
Convert the 4-bit binary number 1101 to denary.
13
What is the denary equivalent of the 4-bit binary number 0100?
4
If a 4-bit binary number is 1001, what is its denary value?
9
What is the denary value of the 4-bit binary number 0111?
7
Convert the 8-bit binary number 11001001 to denary.
201
What is the denary equivalent of the 8-bit binary number 00011011?
27
If you have an 8-bit binary number 10101010, what is its denary representation?
170
In the denary to binary conversion, what does each '1' or '0' represent?
Whether a specific power of 2 is present or absent
Convert the denary number 6 to a 4-bit binary number.
0110
What is the 4-bit binary equivalent of the denary number 9?
1001
What is its 4-bit binary representation of the number 12?
1100
What is the 4-bit binary equivalent of the denary number 10?
1010
Convert the denary number 15 to an 8-bit binary number.
00001111
Convert the denary number 128 to an 8-bit binary number.
10000000
What is the 8-bit binary equivalent of the denary number 27?
00011011
If you have a denary number 200, what is its 8-bit binary representation?
11001000
Convert the denary number 255 to an 8-bit binary number.
11111111
How many bits are used to represent a single hexadecimal digit in binary?
4 bits
Which hexadecimal digit corresponds to the binary number 1111?
F
What is the binary equivalent of the hexadecimal digit 'A'?
1010
Convert the hexadecimal digit '7' to binary.
0111
What is the binary equivalent of the hexadecimal digit '4'?
100
If a hexadecimal digit is 'B', what is its 4-bit binary representation?
1011
Convert the hexadecimal number '3F' to binary.
00111111
What is the binary equivalent of the hexadecimal number 'A4'?
10100100
If you have a hexadecimal number 'E2', what is its binary representation?
11100010
Convert the hexadecimal number '1C' to binary.
00011100
What base number system is hexadecimal?
Base-16
How many binary bits correspond to one hexadecimal digit?
4 bits
Which digits are used in the hexadecimal system?
0-9 and A-F
Convert the 4-bit binary number 1010 to hexadecimal.
A
What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the 4-bit binary number 0101?
5
If the 4-bit binary number is 1111, what is its hexadecimal value?
F
Convert the 8-bit binary number 11001100 to hexadecimal.
CC
What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the 8-bit binary number 10101010?
AA
If you have an 8-bit binary number 01101001, what is its hexadecimal representation?
69
Convert the 8-bit binary number 10011011 to hexadecimal.
9B
Convert the denary number 15 to hexadecimal.
F
What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the denary number 10?
A
Convert the denary number 255 to hexadecimal.
FF
What is the hexadecimal representation of the denary number 128?
80
Convert the denary number 32 to hexadecimal.
20
Convert the hexadecimal number 'A' to denary.
10
What is the denary equivalent of the hexadecimal number '1F'?
31
Convert the hexadecimal number 'FF' to denary.
255
What is the denary representation of the hexadecimal number '7A'?
122
Convert the hexadecimal number 'C' to denary.
12
What is the result of adding two '1' digits in binary addition?
0 (carry the 1)
In binary addition, what does 'carrying the 1' mean?
Transferring a 1 to the next left column
What is the fundamental rule for adding '0' and '1' in binary?
0 + 1 = 1
What is the result of adding '1 and '1' and '1' in binary
1 (carry the 1)
Add the binary numbers 1 and 0.
1
What is the sum of 1 and 1 in binary?
10
Add the 4-bit binary numbers 0101 and 0011.
1000
What is the result of adding 4-bit binary numbers 1100 and 1001?
10101
Compute the sum of 4-bit binary numbers 1111 and 0001.
10000
Add the 8-bit binary numbers 11001001 and 00111001.
100000010
What is the sum of 8-bit binary numbers 10101010 and 01010101?
11111111
What is an 'overflow' in binary addition?
When the sum exceeds the capacity of the number of bits used, requiring an additional bit
Add the 8-bit binary numbers 11110000 and 01110000 and identify if there's an overflow.
11100000
What is the primary effect of a left binary shift on a number's value?
Doubles the value
What happens to a number's value when a right binary shift is applied?
Halves the value
What is 'overflow' in the context of binary shifts?
When a bit shifts beyond the size of the number representation
In an 8-bit binary number, what happens when a left shift causes the most significant bit to fall off?
Overflow occurs
What is the effect of two consecutive left shifts on a binary number?
The value is quadrupled
Perform a left shift on the binary number 01101010
11010100
Perform a right shift on the binary number 10110011
01011001
What is the result of two left shifts on the binary number 00110001?
11000100
Perform a right shift on the binary number 00010110
00001011
What is the result of performing three left shifts on the binary number 10010001?
10001000
After a right shift, what is the new value of the binary number 01101100?
00110110
Perform two right shifts on the binary number 11001100
00110011
What is the binary number 01010101 after one left shift?
10101010
Perform three right shifts on the binary number 11100000
00011100
What is the result of one left shift on the binary number 00110111?